每天2个Linux命令 netstat ss


2017-08-11 每天2个Linux命令 netstat命令

netstat命令用来打印Linux中网络系统的状态信息,可让你得知整个Linux系统的网络情况。

(1)用法:

用法:  netstat [选项参数]

(2)功能:

功能:  netstat用于显示与IP、TCP、UDP和ICMP协议相关的统计数据,一般用于检验本机各端口的网络连接情况。

如果你的计算机有时候接收到的数据报导致出错数据或故障,你不必感到奇怪,TCP/IP可以容许这些类型的错误,
并能够自动重发数据报。但如果累计的出错情况数目占到所接收的IP数据报相当大的百分比,或者它的数目正迅速增加,
那么你就应该使用netstat查一查为什么会出现这些情况了。

(3)选项参数:

  1) -a或–all      显示所有连线中的Socket。 

  2) -n或–numeric     直接使用IP地址,而不通过域名服务器。

  3) -t或–tcp     显示TCP传输协议的连线状况。

  4) -u或–udp       显示UDP传输协议的连线状况。

  5) -v或–verbose     显示指令执行过程。

  6) -p或–programs  显示正在使用Socket的程序识别码和程序名称。

  7) -s或–statistice   显示网络工作信息统计表。

(4)实例:

  1)[root@localhost ~]# netstat        无参数的使用

复制代码
[root@localhost ~]# netstat
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)                                                   //有源TCP连接
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State      
tcp        0    268 192.168.120.204:ssh         10.2.0.68:62420             ESTABLISHED 
udp        0      0 192.168.120.204:4371        10.58.119.119:domain        ESTABLISHED 
Active UNIX domain sockets (w/o servers)                                                    //有源Unix域套接口(和网络套接字一样,但是只能用于本机通信,性能可以提高一倍)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node Path
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    1491   @/org/kernel/udev/udevd
unix  4      [ ]         DGRAM                    7337   /dev/log
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    708823 
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    7539   
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     7287   
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     7286   
[root@localhost ~]#
复制代码
  说明:

  1."Recv-Q"和"Send-Q"指的是接收队列和发送队列。

  2.Proto显示连接使用的协议;RefCnt表示连接到本套接口上的进程号;Types显示套接口的类型;State显示套接口当前的状态;
    Path表示连接到套接口的其它进程使用的路径名。

  3.套接口类型:

    -t :TCP

    -u :UDP

    -raw :RAW类型

    --unix :UNIX域类型

    --ax25 :AX25类型

    --ipx :ipx类型

    --netrom :netrom类型

  4.状态说明:
    LISTEN:     侦听来自远方的TCP端口的连接请求

    SYN-SENT:    再发送连接请求后等待匹配的连接请求(如果有大量这样的状态包,检查是否中招了)

    SYN-RECEIVED    再收到和发送一个连接请求后等待对方对连接请求的确认(如有大量此状态,估计被flood攻击了)

    ESTABLISHED:   代表一个打开的连接

    FIN-WAIT-1:      等待远程TCP连接中断请求,或先前的连接中断请求的确认

    FIN-WAIT-2:      从远程TCP等待连接中断请求

    CLOSE-WAIT:    等待从本地用户发来的连接中断请求

    CLOSING:          等待远程TCP对连接中断的确认

    LAST-ACK:     等待原来的发向远程TCP的连接中断请求的确认(不是什么好东西,此项出现,检查是否被攻击)

    TIME-WAIT:       等待足够的时间以确保远程TCP接收到连接中断请求的确认

    CLOSED:            没有任何连接状态

2)[sunjimeng@localhost ~]$ netstat -a      显示所有已监听或者没有监听的端口

复制代码
[sunjimeng@localhost ~]$ netstat -a
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:ssh             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:ipp           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:smtp          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52328   115.28.122.210:http     TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52836   112.124.140.210:http    TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52334   115.28.122.210:http     TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52329   115.28.122.210:http     TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52839   112.124.140.210:http    TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52336   115.28.122.210:http     TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52844   112.124.140.210:http    TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:54198   202.204.80.77:http      TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52326   115.28.122.210:http     TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52842   112.124.140.210:http    TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:44060   ec2-52-27-123-81.:https ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52847   112.124.140.210:http    TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:54204   202.204.80.77:http      TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52332   115.28.122.210:http     TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:54208   202.204.80.77:http      TIME_WAIT  
tcp6       0      0 [::]:ssh                [::]:*                  LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 localhost:ipp           [::]:*                  LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 localhost:smtp          [::]:*                  LISTEN     
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:bootpc          0.0.0.0:*                          
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:ntp             0.0.0.0:*                          
udp        0      0 localhost:323           0.0.0.0:*                          
udp      768      0 192.168.142.128:39404   192.168.142.2:domain    ESTABLISHED
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:27664           0.0.0.0:*                          
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:mdns            0.0.0.0:*                          
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:52525           0.0.0.0:*                          
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:52525           0.0.0.0:*                          
udp6       0      0 [::]:ntp                [::]:*                             
udp6       0      0 localhost:323           [::]:*                             
udp6       0      0 [::]:14031              [::]:*                             
raw6       0      0 [::]:ipv6-icmp          [::]:*                  7          
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   Path
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     26013    @/tmp/.ICE-unix/2850
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23031    @/tmp/dbus-XARCfYJ4
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     18194    /var/run/abrt/abrt.socket
......
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     16906    

3)[sunjimeng@localhost ~]$ netstat -nu      显示已建立的UDP连接

复制代码
[sunjimeng@localhost ~]$ netstat -nu
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
udp      768      0 192.168.142.128:39404   192.168.142.2:53        ESTABLISHED
[sunjimeng@localhost ~]$ netstat -anu
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:68              0.0.0.0:*                          
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:123             0.0.0.0:*                          
udp        0      0 127.0.0.1:323           0.0.0.0:*                          
udp      768      0 192.168.142.128:39404   192.168.142.2:53        ESTABLISHED
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:27664           0.0.0.0:*                          
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:5353            0.0.0.0:*                          
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:52525           0.0.0.0:*                          
udp6       0      0 :::123                  :::*                               
udp6       0      0 ::1:323                 :::*                               
udp6       0      0 :::14031                :::* 

4)[sunjimeng@localhost ~]$ netstat -nt       显示所有已建立的TCP连接

复制代码
[sunjimeng@localhost ~]$ netstat -nat
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:631           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:44060   52.27.123.81:443        ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52438   115.28.122.210:80       ESTABLISHED
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 ::1:631                 :::*                    LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 ::1:25                  :::*                    LISTEN     
[sunjimeng@localhost ~]$ netstat -nt
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:44060   52.27.123.81:443        ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52438   115.28.122.210:80       ESTABLISHED

5)[sunjimeng@localhost ~]$ netstat -nupa     显示UDP端口号的使用情况

复制代码
[sunjimeng@localhost ~]$ netstat -nupa                    //没有root权限
(Not all processes could be identified, non-owned process info will not be shown, you would have to be root to see it all.)
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name    
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:68              0.0.0.0:*                           -                   
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:123             0.0.0.0:*                           -                   
udp        0      0 127.0.0.1:323           0.0.0.0:*                           -                   
udp      768      0 192.168.142.128:39404   192.168.142.2:53        ESTABLISHED 18744/netstat       
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:27664           0.0.0.0:*                           -                   
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:5353            0.0.0.0:*                           -                   
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:52525           0.0.0.0:*                           -                   
udp6       0      0 :::123                  :::*                                -                   
udp6       0      0 ::1:323                 :::*                                -                   
udp6       0      0 :::14031                :::*                                -                   
[sunjimeng@localhost ~]$ su root
密码:
[root@localhost sunjimeng]# netstat -aunp            //有root权限
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name    
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:68              0.0.0.0:*                           14421/dhclient      
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:123             0.0.0.0:*                           781/chronyd         
udp        0      0 127.0.0.1:323           0.0.0.0:*                           781/chronyd         
udp      768      0 192.168.142.128:39404   192.168.142.2:53        ESTABLISHED 18744/netstat       
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:27664           0.0.0.0:*                           14421/dhclient      
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:5353            0.0.0.0:*                           797/avahi-daemon: r 
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:52525           0.0.0.0:*                           797/avahi-daemon: r 
udp        0      0 192.168.142.128:34639   192.168.142.2:53        ESTABLISHED 20626/python        
udp6       0      0 :::123                  :::*                                781/chronyd         
udp6       0      0 ::1:323                 :::*                                781/chronyd         
udp6       0      0 :::14031                :::*                                14421/dhclient  

6)[root@localhost sunjimeng]# netstat -i      显示网卡列表

[root@localhost sunjimeng]# netstat -i
Kernel Interface table
Iface      MTU    RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eno16777  1500   302197      0      1 0         90150      0      0      0 BMRU
lo       65536     2293      0      0 0          2293      0      0      0 LRU

7)[root@localhost sunjimeng]# netstat -s      显示网络统计信息

复制代码
[root@localhost sunjimeng]# netstat -s
Ip:
    132373 total packets received
    0 forwarded
    0 incoming packets discarded
    130636 incoming packets delivered
    93212 requests sent out
    500 outgoing packets dropped
    69 dropped because of missing route
Icmp:
    1149 ICMP messages received
    0 input ICMP message failed.
    ICMP input histogram:
        destination unreachable: 1044
        timeout in transit: 28
        echo requests: 26
        echo replies: 51
    1283 ICMP messages sent
    0 ICMP messages failed
    ICMP output histogram:
        destination unreachable: 1066
        echo request: 191
        echo replies: 26
IcmpMsg:
        InType0: 51
        InType3: 1044
        InType8: 26
        InType11: 28
        OutType0: 26
        OutType3: 1066
        OutType8: 191
Tcp:
    1330 active connections openings
    0 passive connection openings
    75 failed connection attempts
    9 connection resets received
    2 connections established
    125542 segments received
    86517 segments send out
    421 segments retransmited
    3 bad segments received.
    99 resets sent
Udp:
    2894 packets received
    1053 packets to unknown port received.
    0 packet receive errors
    4969 packets sent
    0 receive buffer errors
    0 send buffer errors
UdpLite:
TcpExt:
    706 TCP sockets finished time wait in fast timer
    508 delayed acks sent
    9 delayed acks further delayed because of locked socket
    Quick ack mode was activated 3 times
    94581 packet headers predicted
    2447 acknowledgments not containing data payload received
    2473 predicted acknowledgments
    22 congestion windows recovered without slow start after partial ack
    174 other TCP timeouts
    1 connections reset due to unexpected data
    1 connections reset due to early user close
    IPReversePathFilter: 1
    TCPRcvCoalesce: 44130
    TCPChallengeACK: 3
    TCPSYNChallenge: 3
IpExt:
    InNoRoutes: 382
    InMcastPkts: 661
    OutMcastPkts: 255
    InBcastPkts: 15
    OutBcastPkts: 15
    InOctets: 420174480
    OutOctets: 5078197
    InMcastOctets: 101685
    OutMcastOctets: 39453
    InBcastOctets: 1170
    OutBcastOctets: 1170

8)[root@localhost sunjimeng]# netstat -r        显示路由表的信息

复制代码
[root@localhost sunjimeng]# netstat -r
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
default         192.168.142.2   0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 eno16777736
192.168.142.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eno16777736
192.168.142.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eno16777736
[root@localhost sunjimeng]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         192.168.142.2   0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 eno16777736
192.168.142.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eno16777736
192.168.142.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 eno16777736

(5)其他:

   Linux网络套接字: 

  套接字连接的过程如同(客户)打一个电话到一个大公司,接线员(服务器进程)接听电话并把它转接到你要找的部门,
然后再从那里转到你要找的人(服务器套接字),然后接线员(服务器进程)再继续转接其它(客户)的电话。

  套接字有本地套接字和网络套接字两种。本地套接字的名字是Linux文件系统中的文件名,一般放在/tmp或/usr/tmp目录中;
网络套接字的名字是与客户连接的特定网络有关的服务标识符(端口号或访问点)。
这个标识符允许Linux将进入的针对特定端口号的连接转到正确的服务器进程。
  套接字的连接建立过程:http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-25829053-id-3015832.html;
  Java通信中的套接字连接过程:http://www.cnblogs.com/MenAngel/p/5317082.html;

2017-08-11 每天2个Linux命令 ss命令

ss命令用来显示处于活动状态的套接字信息。

(1)用法:

用法:  ss  [参数]

    ss  [参数]  [过滤]

(2)功能:

功能:  ss是类似netstat的工具。能显示查看网络状态信息,包括TCP、UDP连接,端口。

ss命令可以用来获取socket统计信息,它可以显示和netstat类似的内容。
但ss的优势在于它能够显示更多更详细的有关TCP和连接状态的信息,而且比netstat更快速更高效。
 注意:  当服务器的socket连接数量变得非常大时,无论是使用netstat命令还是直接cat /proc/net/tcp,
执行速度都会很慢。可能你不会有切身的感受,但请相信我,当服务器维持的连接达到上万个的时候,使用netstat等于浪费生命,
而用ss才是节省时间。ss快的秘诀在于,它利用到了TCP协议栈中tcp_diag。tcp_diag是一个用于分析统计的模块,
可以获得Linux 内核中第一手的信息,这就确保了ss的快捷高效。当然,如果你的系统中没有tcp_diag,ss也可以正常运行,
只是效率会变得稍慢。

(3)选项参数

  1) -t, --tcp         仅显示TCP套接字(sockets)

  2) -a, --all         显示所有套接字(sockets)

  3) -s, --summary       显示套接字(socket)使用概况 

  4) -l             显示LISTEN状态的连接(连接打开)

  5) -p, --processes          显示使用套接字(socket)的进程

  6) -u, --udp           仅显示 UCP套接字(sockets)

  7) -d, --dccp          仅显示 DCCP套接字(sockets)

  8) -w, --raw         仅显示 RAW套接字(sockets)

  9) -x, --unix         仅显示 Unix套接字(sockets)

(4)实例:

  1)[root@localhost sunjimeng]# ss -t -a      显示TCP连接

复制代码
[root@localhost sunjimeng]# ss -t -a
State      Recv-Q Send-Q      Local Address:Port          Peer Address:Port   
LISTEN     0      128                     *:ssh                      *:*       
LISTEN     0      128             127.0.0.1:ipp                      *:*       
LISTEN     0      100             127.0.0.1:smtp                     *:*       
TIME-WAIT  0      0         192.168.142.128:52859       115.28.122.210:http    
TIME-WAIT  0      0         192.168.142.128:53367      112.124.140.210:http    
LISTEN     0      128                    :::ssh                     :::*       
LISTEN     0      128                   ::1:ipp                     :::*       
LISTEN     0      100                   ::1:smtp                    :::*       
[root@localhost sunjimeng]# netstat -ta
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:ssh             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:ipp           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:smtp          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:52926   ec2-52-36-148-12.:https ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:54577   ec2-52-26-186-108:https ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 192.168.142.128:54576   ec2-52-26-186-108:https ESTABLISHED
tcp6       0      0 [::]:ssh                [::]:*                  LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 localhost:ipp           [::]:*                  LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 localhost:smtp          [::]:*                  LISTEN 

2)[root@localhost sunjimeng]# ss -s 显示套接字使用概况(列出当前的established, closed, orphaned and waiting TCP sockets)

复制代码
[root@localhost sunjimeng]# ss -s
Total: 1133 (kernel 1377)
TCP:   7 (estab 0, closed 1, orphaned 0, synrecv 0, timewait 0/0), ports 0

Transport Total     IP        IPv6
*      1377      -         -        
RAW      1         0         1        
UDP      9         6         3        
TCP      6         3         3        
INET      16        9         7        
FRAG      0         0         0     

3)[root@localhost sunjimeng]# ss -l        列出所有打开的网络连接端口,即已经连接的网络端口

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[root@localhost sunjimeng]# ss -l
Netid  State      Recv-Q Send-Q           Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port   
nl     UNCONN     0      0                         rtnl:NetworkManager/929                        *       
nl     UNCONN     0      0                         rtnl:gnome-shell/3126                        *       
......
u_dgr  UNCONN     0      0                            * 246524                        * 1492   
u_dgr  UNCONN     0      0                            * 158303                        * 1492   
raw    UNCONN     0      0                           :::ipv6-icmp                      :::*       
tcp    UNCONN     0      0                            *:ipproto-68                       *:*       
tcp    UNCONN     0      0                            *:ptp                           *:*       
tcp    UNCONN     0      0                    127.0.0.1:ipproto-323                       *:*       
tcp    UNCONN     0      0                            *:ipproto-5353                       *:*       
tcp    UNCONN     0      0                            *:ipproto-52525                       *:*       
tcp    UNCONN     0      0                            *:ipproto-16290                       *:*       
tcp    UNCONN     0      0                           :::ptp                          :::*       
tcp    UNCONN     0      0                          ::1:ipproto-323                      :::*       
tcp    UNCONN     0      0                           :::ipproto-44068                      :::*       
tcp    LISTEN     0      128                          *:ssh                           *:*       
tcp    LISTEN     0      128                  127.0.0.1:ipp                           *:*       
tcp    LISTEN     0      100                  127.0.0.1:smtp                          *:*       
tcp    LISTEN     0      128                         :::ssh                          :::*       
tcp    LISTEN     0      128                        ::1:ipp                          :::*       
tcp    LISTEN     0      100                        ::1:smtp                         :::*   
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4)[root@localhost sunjimeng]# ss -t -a -p      显示使用套接字的进程的信息

复制代码
[root@localhost sunjimeng]# ss -t -a
State      Recv-Q Send-Q              Local Address:Port                  Peer Address:Port   
LISTEN     0      128                             *:ssh                              *:*       
LISTEN     0      128                     127.0.0.1:ipp                              *:*       
LISTEN     0      100                     127.0.0.1:smtp                             *:*       
LISTEN     0      128                            :::ssh                             :::*       
LISTEN     0      128                           ::1:ipp                             :::*       
LISTEN     0      100                           ::1:smtp                            :::*       
[root@localhost sunjimeng]# ss -t -a -p
State      Recv-Q Send-Q              Local Address:Port                  Peer Address:Port   
LISTEN     0      128                             *:ssh                              *:*        users:(("sshd",1324,3))
LISTEN     0      128                     127.0.0.1:ipp                              *:*        users:(("cupsd",3130,12))
LISTEN     0      100                     127.0.0.1:smtp                             *:*        users:(("master",2575,13))
LISTEN     0      128                            :::ssh                             :::*        users:(("sshd",1324,4))
LISTEN     0      128                           ::1:ipp                             :::*        users:(("cupsd",3130,11))
LISTEN     0      100                           ::1:smtp                            :::*        users:(("master",2575,14))

5)[root@localhost sunjimeng]# ss -pl |grep 1487   显示端口号为1487的已连接的套接字的进程信息

[root@localhost sunjimeng]# ss -pl |grep 1487
u_str  LISTEN     0      128    /run/systemd/journal/stdout 1487                  * 0       users:(("systemd-journal",617,3),("systemd",1,25))
[root@localhost sunjimeng]# 

6)两个命令的时间对比:

复制代码
[root@localhost sunjimeng]# time ss

real    0m0.081s
user    0m0.000s
sys    0m0.004s
[root@localhost sunjimeng]# time netstat

real    0m0.018s
user    0m0.004s
sys    0m0.000s
[root@localhost sunjimeng]# 

文章作者: 邓滔
版权声明: 本博客所有文章除特別声明外,均采用 CC BY 4.0 许可协议。转载请注明来源 邓滔 !
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